A UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (BR) is a protected area recognised by UNESCO to promote a balance between biodiversity conservation and sustainable human use. These areas protect ecosystems, encourage scientific research, and support local communities. They are designated under Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB Programme), launched in 1971.
Objectives (3 Core Functions)
- Conservation – Protect landscapes, ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity
- Development – Promote sustainable economic and human development
- Logistic Support – Facilitate research, education, monitoring, and knowledge-sharing
Zonation System (Key Feature)
Each Biosphere Reserve has three zones:
Core Zone
Strictly protected
No human activity allowed (except research)
Focus: biodiversity conservation
Buffer Zone
Limited human activities allowed
Research, eco-tourism, education permitted
Acts as a cushion for the core
Transition Zone
Human settlements, agriculture, forestry
Sustainable development practices encouraged
Global Facts & Figures
- Total Biosphere Reserves worldwide: ~740
- Countries involved: 130+
- Transboundary Biosphere Reserves: ~23
- First Biosphere Reserves designated: 1976
- Review cycle: Every 10 years (can be withdrawn if standards not met)
Biosphere Reserves in India
- Total Biosphere Reserves in India: 18
- Under UNESCO network: 12
- First in India: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1986)
- Largest: Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve
- Oldest continuously monitored: Nilgiri
List of UNESCO-recognised Biosphere Reserves in India
- Nilgiri
- Sundarbans
- Nanda Devi
- Gulf of Mannar
- Similipal
- Pachmarhi
- Achanakmar–Amarkantak
- Great Nicobar
- Agasthyamalai
- Khangchendzonga
- Panna
- Nokrek