The electrification of public bus transport is an important strategy for sustainable urban development. Discuss its potential benefits and challenges in the context of Indian cities. Suggest measures to improve the effectiveness of electric bus programmes. (150 words, 10 marks)

The integrity of electoral rolls is essential for free and fair elections. Discuss how the Election Commission of India can prevent wrongful voter deletions while ensuring the accuracy of electoral rolls. (150 words, 10 marks)

The spread of cordgrass across New Zealand's tidal mudflats highlights the unintended ecological consequences of human interventions in wetlands. Discuss the impacts of invasive alien species on wetland ecosystems and suggest suitable management measures. (150 words, 10 marks)

The growing use of Artificial Intelligence in medical diagnosis offers significant opportunities but also raises concerns regarding patient safety, accountability and data privacy. Discuss. Suggest measures to ensure the responsible use of AI in healthcare. (150 words, 10 marks)

अमेरिका द्वारा प्रमुख IT कंपनियों को Permanent Labour Certification (PERM) कार्यक्रम से निलंबित करने के संदर्भ में, भारत के IT सेवा क्षेत्र, कुशल श्रमिकों के अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रवासन और भारत-अमेरिका आर्थिक संबंधों पर इसके संभावित प्रभावों का विश्लेषण कीजिए। (150 शब्द, 10 अंक)

“Digital arrest scams reveal the growing intersection of cybercrime, financial fraud and psychological manipulation.” Examine the challenges these scams pose to India's internal security and suggest effective measures to address them. (150 words)

“Vehicular electrification alone cannot solve Delhi-NCR’s air pollution crisis.” Critically examine the proposed restrictions on new petrol and diesel vehicle registrations from 2031, highlighting their potential benefits, implementation challenges and complementary measures required. (150 words)

“The Industrial Revolution transformed not only the economic structure of Europe but also reshaped global society, politics and imperialism.” Discuss.
(150 words)

The growing use of artificial intelligence systems raises questions about responsibility, transparency, privacy and human autonomy. Discuss the ethical principles that should guide the development and deployment of AI in public and private life. (150 words)

The WHO Pandemic Agreement seeks to strengthen international cooperation while addressing concerns relating to national sovereignty and equitable access to health products. Examine the challenges India faces in balancing global health governance with strategic autonomy and equity. (250 words)

The expansion of wildlife conservation landscapes is increasingly influencing the relationship between local communities, traditional livelihoods and ecological preservation. In this context, discuss the socio-cultural dimensions of relocating and establishing new habitats for species such as the cheetah in India. (150 words)

What ethical principles should guide the use of artificial intelligence in evaluating civil-service examination answers? Discuss. (150 words)

Discuss how Compressed Biogas and waste-to-energy initiatives can contribute to India’s energy security and circular economy. (150 words)

‘Cooperative federalism requires institutions that convert constitutional principles into everyday administrative coordination.’ Discuss. (150 words)

India’s cultural and historical sites increasingly face pressure from mass tourism and urban expansion. Suggest a framework for sustainable heritage management. (150 words)

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।

A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.

जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है, उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।

Mathematics is the music of reason.

गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands — two equally harmful disciplines.

लड़कियां बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं – दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएँ हैं।

Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.

रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा लौकिकता में चमत्कार ढूँढ़ने के प्रयास से उपजती है।